Indian Economy
About Course
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Course Content
Chapter 1: India’s Economic Development
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Overview and learning approach
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Introduction
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Structural Changes and Economic Development
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1. Economic Development and Economic Growth
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6. Traditional and New Approaches to Development
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11. Indicators of Development
Chapter 3: Reserve Bank of India – Origin and Structure
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Introduction
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How were Central Banks Born and Evolved?
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2. Origin of the RBI
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7. Understanding RBI as a Central Bank through its Balance Sheet
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9. What is Economic Capital Framework (ECF)?
Chapter 4: RBI – Functions
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Overview
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Functions of the RBI
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Function 1. Monetary policy formulation and implementation
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Function 2: Financial regulation and supervision
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Function 3. RBI as the Banker to the Banks
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Function 4. RBI as a banker to the Government
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(i) RBI as the banker to the Central Government
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(ii) RBI as a banker to the State Governments
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(iii) RBI’s management of public debt
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RBI’s temporary loan facilities to the governments
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Cash management bills
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RBI’s WMA facility to State Governments
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Function 5: Management of foreign exchange reserves and foreign exchange management
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Function 6: RBI facilitates the payment and settlement system
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Function 7: Currency management
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7.1 The Minimum Reserve System
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7.2 RBI’s Currency Design, Printing, Denominations and demonetisation- Facts and Procedures
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7.3 What is the procedure for withdrawing legal tender status?
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7.4 Different forms of money – high power money, narrow money and broad money
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7.5 Monetary Aggregates
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7.6 Reserve money – Components and Significance.
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7.7 Currency chests
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7.8 Money Multiplier and the determinants of money supply
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Function 8. Development Role
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Function 9. Research and Statistics
Chapter 5 :RBI – Monetary Policy
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Overview
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1.What is Monetary Policy?
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2. The Science of Monetary Policy
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3. Objectives, Instruments and Targets of Monetary Policy
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4. Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism – the Science of Monetary Policy Implementation
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5. Objectives of Monetary Policy
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5.1 Annual inflation targets under monetary policy
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5.2 Why a mild level of inflation is good for the economy?
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5.3 Importance of financial stability after the global financial crisis
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5.4 The conflict between different objectives of monetary policy
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6. Instruments of Monetary Policy
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6.1 Direct Instruments
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6.2 Indirect Instruments of Monetary Policy
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7. Inflation Targeting in India
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7.1 What is Monetary Policy Framework?
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7.2 Evolution of Monetary Policy Framework in India
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7.3 Inflation Targeting in India
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7.4 Features of India’s Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework
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7.5 Criticism of Inflation Targeting
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8. Liquidity
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8.1 Significance of Central Bank Liquidity
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8.2 Systemic Liquidity
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8.3 Systemic Illiquidity
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8.4 What mechanisms are there to support liquidity?
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9. Call Money Market (CMM)
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10. RBI’s Liquidity Support to the Financial System – the LAF and other Interventions
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10.1 Big changes happening to the RBI’s liquidity management exercise
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10.2 Long term instruments
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10.3 The New Liquidity Framework
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11. RBI: Recent liquidity management efforts
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12. Liquidity Operations by Central Banks in the Context of the COVID-Economic Disturbance
Chapter 6: Inflation and the Indian Economy
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Overview
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1. What Causes Inflation?
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2. Types of Inflation
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3. Other Types of Price Level Movements & Effects of Inflation
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5. Measurement of Inflation in India
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6. Core Inflation and Non-core Inflation & Food Inflation in India
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8. Inflation Forecasting and Inflation Expectations
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Demand Management – Monetary Policy
Chapter 7: Evolution of the Indian Banking Sector
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Overview
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1. The banking sector and its role in the country’s economic development
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2. (1) Evolution of Commercial Banking in India
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2. (2) Phase III: Social control over banks (1967- 1991) and the spread of banking
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3. Recent transformation in the banking sector
Chapter 8: Banking Sector in India: Structure and Developments
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Overview
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1. The Banking System in India – Regulatory Classification
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3. Importance of the banking system
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5.1 Differentiated Banks
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5.2 (a) Payments Banks
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7. Bank Licensing Policy
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Integrated Ombudsman Scheme
Chapter 14: Balance of Payments – Basic Concepts and India’s BoP
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Overview
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1. Entry of transactions in the form of credit and debit
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2. Components of Balance of Payments Account (A) Current Account
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2. Components of Balance of Payments Account (b) Capital Account
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3. RBI’s foreign exchange reserve and the balance of payments account
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4. Features of India’s Balance of Payments Account
Chapter 15: India’s Exchange Rate System
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Overview
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(2.1) 1. What is Exchange Rate?
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(2.2) 4. Types of Exchange Rate Systems
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(2.3) 5. Appreciation, Depreciation Devaluation and Revaluation: their Effects on Trade and Investment.
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(2.4) 7. NEER and REER
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(2.5) 8. Undervalued Currency
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(2.6) 9. Foreign Exchange Reserves
Chapter 16: The International Monetary Fund
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Overview
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(1). The Bretton Woods System
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(2). The Bretton Woods System
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The International Monetary Fund
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IMF’s Functions (1)
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IMF Functions (2) Non-concessional assistance
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Special Drawing Rights (SDR)
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IMF After the Fall of the Bretton Woods System
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Financial Resources for the IMF
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Gold Holdings of the IMF & India and the IMF
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Governance of the Fund
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The IMF and the Global Financial Crisis: Revival after G20 Initiatives
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Why the IMF is Important in the New World Economic Order featured by Interconnectedness and Capital Mobility?
Chapter 21: India’s Foreign Trade Policy
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Overview
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1. Evolution of the Trade Policy
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2. A Review of Trade Policy Initiatives Since 1991
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3. Foreign Trade Policy 2023
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4. Important Schemes and Incentives for Export Promotion
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5. Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
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6. US’s complaint against India’s export subsidies at WTO & Challenges for Trade Policy
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8. Global Value Chains (GVCs)
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9. Geopolitical and trade tensions and GVC opportunities for India
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10. The recent geopolitical tensions and opportunity for India
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11. The current retreat from globalisation
Chapter 23: Bilateral Investment Treaties
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Overview
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1. Investor protection arrangements
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2. Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)
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3. Bilateral Investment Treaties by India
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4. Basic concepts of BITs
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5. Recent issues related to global investment and India: Rising Investor-state disputes
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6. Rising trend of ISDS and the global backlash against BITs
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7. Response by countries against the mounting incidence of ISDS
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8. Backlash against BITs and ISDS – the Indian scenario
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9. India’s Model BIT 2016
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10. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
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13. The Permanent Court of Arbitration and ISDS
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15. The Vodafone ISDS and India
Chapter 25: Economic Reforms
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Overview
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1. The Economic Crisis of 1991
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2. Management of the BoP Crisis
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3. The IMF and India’s Balance of Payment Crisis
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4. The Connection between the IMF and World Bank Loans and the Economic Reforms
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5. Move towards the New Industrial Policy (NIP)
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6. New Industrial Policy of 1991
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7. New Economic Reforms
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8. Rationale for New Economic Reforms
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9. Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization
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10. (I) Public Sector Policy in India
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10 (II). 10.5 Disinvestment programme
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10 (III). 10.6 Strategic Disinvestment
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10 (IV). 10.7 Methods for Disinvestment
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11. National Investment Fund (NIF)
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12. Asset Monetisation
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13. Globalization and India
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14. Five Year Planning in India
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15. NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Ayog
Chapter 28: Micro-Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
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Overview
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1. How the MSMEs are Classified?
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2. Importance of MSMEs in India
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3. Salient Features of MSMEs & 4. Challenges for the MSME Sector
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5. MSME Policies
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6. Measures to Support the MSMEs
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7. Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)
Chapter 30:Fiscal Policy
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Overview
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1. Fiscal Policy
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2. The Road to Fiscal Consolidation through Fiscal Discipline
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3. Countercyclical Fiscal Policy
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4. How fiscal policy is designed to meet crisis: Case study of GFC and the COVID-19
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5. Deficit Financing – in India
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6. Golden Rule in Fiscal Policy
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7. Fiscal Policy in India – the problem of high Revenue Deficit
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8. Expenditure Trends of the Central Government
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9. Expenditure Reforms
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10. The Connection between Economic Growth and Fiscal Consolidation- A Case Study of the 2003-08 Episode Period
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11. Fiscal Consolidation
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12. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act
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12.1 Amendments to the FRBM Act
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12.2 Demand for a rethinking on FRBM
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12.3 FRBM Review Committee (NK Singh)
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13. The Fiscal Situation of the Central Government in the Last Two Decades
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14. Public Debt in India
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15. Fiscal Policy Response to the COVID-Pandemic
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16. How the COVID-pandemic Affected the Fiscal Situation of the Central Government?
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17. Government’s Expenditure Interventions to Support the COVID-hit Economy
Chapter 31: Tax Structure in India
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Overview
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1. Importance of Tax Policy
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3. (1) Main Features of India’s Tax Structure
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3. (2) Recovering tax GDP ratio has been affected by the Covid crisis
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4. Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes
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5. (1) Tax Revenues of the Central Government
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5. (2) (b) Personal Income Tax
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5. (3) Indirect Taxes
Chapter :32 Tax Reforms and GST
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Tax Reforms and GST
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1. Reformers of the Indian Tax System
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2. The Road to GST
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3. Objectives of Tax Reforms
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4. Tax Reforms Before 1991
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5. Tax Reforms After 1991: the Chelliah Committee
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6. Indirect Tax Reforms
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7. Goods and Services Tax (GST) System
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7.1 The previous system of multiple taxes
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7.2 Advantages of GST
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7.3 GST as a value-added tax
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7.4 Features of GST
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7.5 E-way Bill
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7.6 GST as a Friendly Tax Regime for MSMEs
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7.7 GST Compensation Cess
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8. Reform of Customs Duties
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9. Personal Income Tax
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10. Corporate Income Tax
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11. Reform of Capital Gains Taxation
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12. Reforms in Tax Administration
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8.10 GST Evasion and Measures Adopted to Fight Tax Evasion
Chapter 33: Finance Commission
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Overview
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1. Why Finance Commission (FC)?
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2. Finance Commission and its responsibilities
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3. The Fifteenth Finance Commission
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(3.1) Terms of Reference of the Fifteenth Finance Commission
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(3.2) Recommendations of the Commission
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(3.3) Flexibility for the centre and the states to work through this difficult period
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(3.4) Extra budgetary Borrowings of the Centre and States
Chapter 34: Understanding the Government Budget
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Overview
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1. Why Budget is Important?
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2. Budget Period
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3. Need for a Budget Classification
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4. Various Types of Deficits
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5. Budget Understanding Through the Budget at a Glance Table
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6. Extra-Budgetary Resources
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7. Budgeting Techniques
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8. Gender Budgeting (GB)
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12. Statements Along with the Budget Prescribed by the FRBM
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13. Non-Debt and Debt Receipts of the Central Government
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14. Central Sector Schemes and Centrally Sponsored Schemes
Chapter 40: Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs)
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Overview
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1. Problems from double taxation & 2. What is double taxation?
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3. Two types of Relief against Double Taxation in India
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4. Why Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs)?
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5. Model Conventions for DTAAs – OECD and UN models
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8. DTAAs and tax right sharing
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9. What is the need for Tax Treaties?
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11. Residential status and taxability in India
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12. Double Taxation Avoidance Treaties by India
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14. Abuse of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements
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15. Tax mitigation, tax evasion, tax avoidance etc.
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17. Recent amendments to the DTAAs
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18. General Anti Avoidance Rules (GAAR)
Chapter 41: India – Population and Economic Development
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Overview
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1. Demographic trends
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2. Limit on resources
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3. Population and economic development
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4. Main features of India’s population scenario
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5. Population momentum
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6. India’s demographic transition
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7. Ageing population in India and the policy response
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8. Demographic dividend
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9. India’s Demographic dividend profile
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10. Measures taken by the government to reap the benefits of demographic dividend
Chapter 2: National Income of India
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Overview
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1. National Income Trends in India
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2. Features of India’s Economic Growth
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3. Symptoms of Structural Retrogression in Indian Economy
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4. India and the Middle-Income Trap
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5. Savings and Capital Formation
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6. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
Chapter 26: Poverty
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Overview
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1. Poverty and Poverty Line
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2. Poverty’s Many Dimensions
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3. Sen’s Concept of Poverty
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4. Absolute Poverty and Relative Poverty
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5. What is Poverty Line?
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6. Societal Poverty Line
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7. Distribution of the World’s Poverty
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8. Profile of the Poor
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9. The Magnitude of Poverty in India
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10. Various Dimensions of Poverty in India
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11. Can Economic Growth Reduce Poverty in India?
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12. Methodological Difficulties in the Measurement of Poverty
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13. Measurement of Poverty or Methodology of Poverty Estimation in India
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14. Raising the Poverty Line– A Comparison of Various Expert Groups
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15. Evaluating Poverty Scenario in India: Beyond Consumption Poverty
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16. Sen and Dereze – Growth Mediated Security and Support Led Security
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17. Poverty eradication measures in India
Chapter 24: Regional Trade Agreements
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Overview
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1. What is Regional Trade Agreements?
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2. Why the RTAs?
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3. WTO’s Treatment of RTAs
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4. Different Degrees of Economic Integration – Classification of RTBs
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5. Benefits of Economic Integration
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6. Regionalism versus Multilateralism
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7. India and FTAs
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8. India – ASEAN FTA
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9. Importance of Service Trade Liberalisation
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10. Singapore and Japan Economic Partnership and India
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12. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
Chapter 43: Skill Development and National Development Strategy
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Overview
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1. Skill development initiatives in India
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7. National Skill Development Mission
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10. National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)
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12. National Skill Qualifications Framework (NSQF)
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16. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
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17. Vocational Education and Skill Training
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18. Apprenticeship
Chapter 42: Startup Revolution in India
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Overview
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1. What is a startup?
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2. What is startup ecosystem?
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3. Startup Revolution in India
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4. Initiatives for startups
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5. Startup policy: the Startup India Programme and the Startup Action Plan
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6. Startup Ecosystem in India
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7. Startup incubators
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8. The Seed Accelerator Models
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10. Venture Capital Funds (VCFs)
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12. Atal Innovation Mission
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13. Andrews Hargadon: Startups walking through the Valley of Death
Chapter 20: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Regime in India
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Overview
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1. What is FDI? & 2. FDI Policy – Evolution
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3. Features of India’s FDI Policy
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4. FDI by NRIs and OCIs &5. FDI Regulations in India
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6. Consolidated FDI Policy
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8. Recent FDI and foreign investment reforms in various sectors
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9. FDI limit in various sectors in brief (Consolidated FDI Policy 2021)
Chapter: 20 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Regime in India
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Regime in India
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What is FDI?
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The FIPB
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Regulations for FDI in ecommerce
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FDI Policy norms for Air India
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Retail Trading FDI Policy
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FDI limit in various sectors in brief (Consolidated FDI Policy 2021)
Chapter 17: The World Trade Organisation
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Overview
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1. Establishment of GATT
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7. Agreements under WTO (Part 1)
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7.4.1 Domestic Support Scenario: Developing vs Developed (Part 2)
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8. Tariff Reduction under WTO
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15. Emerging Divergence Among the WTO Members
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20. WTO – Buenos Aires Ministerial Conference and after
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22. WTO Reforms
Chapter 18: Intellectual Property Regime and Development Policy in India
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Overview
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1. What is intellectual property?
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2. TRIPs and the emergence of a global IPRs regime
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3. Intellectual Property Right regime in India
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4. Meaning and importance of Patents
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5. The Indian Patent Regime
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6. Indian pharmaceutical industry in the post TRIPs regime: Challenges
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7. India as the pharmacy of the developing world
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8. The face-off between the developing and developed world firms
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9. Rising number of Brownfield FDI
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10. Copy Right Act
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11. Geographical Indications Act 1999
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12. Trademark Act 1999
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13. Trade secret in India
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14. Protection of Plant varieties in India
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15. Intellectual Property Policy of India & 16. Administration of the Patent Regime
Chapter 19: Capital Account Convertibility and Foreign Capital
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Overview
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1. Capital Account Convertibility
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7. Capital Account Liberalisation in India
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9. Voluntary Retention Route (VRR)
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10. Major Forms of Capital Flows: Nature, Size and Implications for India
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11. Participatory Notes
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13. India’s Approach Towards the Management of Capital Flows
Chapter 13: Bonds and the Government Securities Market
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Overview
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A. Basic Concepts about Bonds & 1. What is a ‘bond’?
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2. Basic Concepts Related to Bonds
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3. How the Bond Prices are Measured and Expressed?
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4. Bond Valuation
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5. Yield
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B. Government Securities Market in India & 6. Treasury Bills (T-bills)
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7. Dated Government Securities or Bonds
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8. Cash Management Bills (CMBs) & 9. State Development Loans
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10. Advantages for Financial Institutions Investing in Government Securities
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11. How Government Securities are Issued?
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12. Negative-yielding Bonds
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13. Negotiated Dealing System (NDS)
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14. E-Kuber & 15. Primary Dealers (PDs)
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16. Operation Twist
Chapter 10: Banking Sector Regulation in India
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Overview
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1. Financial Stability and Development Council
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2. RBI’s Regulation and Supervision
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5. The structure of the financial system and regulation
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6. Statutory power for RBI for regulation and supervision
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8. RBI Reorganises its Regulation and Supervision Departments
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10. Banking Sector and Asset Quality Management
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13. Need for capital to cover up assets
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15. Provisioning and Provisioning Coverage Ratio
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20. Moral Hazard Problem, TBTF and post-crisis regulations
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24. Financial Benchmarking in India
Chapter 27: Industrial Sector
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Overview
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1. Industrial Sector –Engine of Growth
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6. Structural Changes and the Role of Industrial and Services Sectors – the Conditions for Change
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11. Industrial Sector Infrastructure
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13. IBC Amendment March 2020
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17. Ease of Doing Business Initiatives
Chapter 22: India’s Foreign Trade
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Overview
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India’s share in global trade
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1. India’s Trade Position in the World Economy
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2. India’s Foreign Trade 2023-24: Key Points
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Manufacturing Exports from India
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Agricultural and allied items
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Import of Electronic Goods
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India-China Trade
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Services and Invisibles Exports
Chapter 44: Non-banking Financial Intermediaries (NBFIs)
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Overview
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1. NBFC Sector in the Overall Financial System
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4. Difference Between Banks and NBFIs
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8. Classification of NBFCs in Terms of Activities
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9. Housing Finance Companies as NBFCs
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12. Partial Credit Guarantee Scheme
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14. Nachiket Mor Committee on NBFCs
Chapter 29: Agriculture Sector in India
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Overview
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1. Transformation of the Agriculture Sector and its Development Effect
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6. Agricultural Production Scenario in Three Phases
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9. Cropping Pattern
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12. Green Revolution
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14. Irrigation
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16. Agricultural Credit
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17. Seed Policy
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19. Agricultural Price Policy in India
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20. Agricultural Insurance in India
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23. Agricultural Marketing
Chapter 9: Indian Banking Sector: Health and Stability Scenario
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Overview
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1. Trends in NPA and CRAR
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3. RBI and Government Measures for the Restructuring of PSBs-the Four ‘R’ strategy.
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4. Recapitalisation of Public Sector Banks
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7. Resolution of Stressed Assets – RBI’s Resolution Framework
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8. Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs)
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11. Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs)
Chapter 12: Digital Payment System in India
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Overview
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1. Digital payment scenario in India
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5. Challenges and Prospects for Cashless Transaction Economy
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11. Digital Payment and Settlement System: Leading Trends
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13. The Payment Ecosystem
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17. Implications of Electronic Money on Central Bank’s Monetary Policy
Chapter 11: Financial Inclusion
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Overview
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1. What is financial inclusion?
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6. Financial Inclusion Initiatives
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11. Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana
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18. National Strategy for Financial Inclusion
Chapter 36: FinTech Sector in India
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1. FinTech Sector in India
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2. What makes the ongoing FinTech revolution unique?
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3. What is fintech?
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4. Benefits of Fintech
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5. Types of fintechs
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5.1. Neo banks
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6. Fintech industry in India
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6.1 Rise and evolution of India’s fintech sector
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7. Supportive measures for the rise of fintech sector in India
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7.1.Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
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8. Digital lending
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9. Regulation of Fintechs by the RBI: How is the RBI balancing innovation with regulation in the fintech sector?
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10. The goal of data security, customer centricity in fintech revolution
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11. Challenges for Future Development
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