Tag: revenue and capital budget

The government budget has large number of expenditure items and receipt items. To overcome the complexity of dealing with large number of items, there should be a classification system for both expenditure and revenue items. In India, the major classification system adopted is to divide the budget into revenue budget and capital budget. Expenditure and Receipts Expenditure and receipts are the two important components of the budget. Total expenditure and total receipts in any budget will be equal. The total expenditure and total receipts also shows the size (amount) of the budget. In the budget, instead of revenue to refer to the accruals to the government, the term receipts are used. This is needed because; all the accrued funds to the government are not revenue in the pure sense. Borrowing is one of the major item of fund for the government. We can’t describe borrowing as revenue. Hence, on the matching side of expenditure, the term receipts is used. Receipts include- tax revenues, non-tax revenues as well as borrowing made by the government to finance the budget. So in the budget, all items are entered as either expenditure or receipts. Revenue budget and Capital budget Budget is basically divided into Revenue budget and capital budget. Receipts and expenditure are divided among these two. Hence the terms revenue budget and capital budget indicates different types of expenditure and receipts for the government. This means that in the revenue budget there will be the revenue receipts and revenue expenditure. Similarly, in the capital budget, there will be capital receipts and capital expenditure. The Revenue Budget Revenue budget doesn’t mean budget about government revenue, rather it describes the current (day to day function related expenditure and receipts) activities of the government. Revenue budget involves revenue receipts and revenue expenditure. These expenditures and receipts are related to the day to day functioning of the government. Expenditure is needed to finance government functions like defense, social services, administration et. These are the main revenue expenditures. Similarly, when the government is performing its day today functions, lot of revenue will be accrued to it. Tax revenues and non-tax revenues are the two types of revenue receipts. Really, revenue expenditure is considered as unproductive expenditure because it is mainly used for the running of the government machinery. Unlike in the case of capital expenditure, revenue expenditure will not give any revenue to the government in future. Important revenue expenditure are: interest payments (for the borrowing that the government has made in the past), defence (almost 70% of the defence expenditure are revenue expenditure), subsidies (subsidy is not a productive item for the government as there is no return from it for the government), salaries etc. Important revenue receipts are: tax revenues including corporate income tax, personal income tax, customs duties, service taxes etc, and non-tax revenues including revenue from mint, profits from Public Sector Enterprises etc. In India, there is revenue deficit since 1978. This situation means government's revenue receipts including tax revenues are not enough to meet its revenue expenditure. Hence the government is borrowing to finance its revenue deficit. Revenue budget involves those receipts and expenditure coming out of the day to day activities of the government. Don’t misunderstand that the Revenue budget is solely aimed at describing revenues of the government. The revenue budget, on the other hand, is actually related to the day to day functioning of the government. Revenue budget is recurring or current in nature and is often termed as unproductive expenditure. The Capital Budget The word capital means productive investment. This meaning is quite applicable to capital budget as well. Capital budget involves both capital receipts and capital expenditure. Capital Expenditure: Capital expenditure denotes future revenue yielding type of expenditure by the government. Capital expenditure consists of expenditure made by the government to acquire assets-buildings, machineries etc. Loans to the states and other entities are also capital expenditure. When the government gives loans to the states it gets interest and principal in future. (On the other hand, grants to the states are revenue expenditure for the government because grants will not be repaid). Similarly, the centre subscribes shares of public sector enterprises under capital expenditure. Capital expenditure is treated as a productive activity by the government. Capital receipts: Capital Receipts means either loans or receipts from past productive activities. Major capital receipts are: internal and external borrowings of the government proceeds from the sale of PSU or disinvestments and recovery of loans. Usually, borrowing constitutes to the bulk of the receipts under capital budget (constitute nearly 90% of the total capital receipts). These are loans raised by the government in the form of market borrowing, loans from its own institutions and a negligible amount of loans from foreign sources. Recovery of loans from the state governments is also comes under capital receipts. Budget at 2016-17 at Glance 2014-2015 (A) 2015-2016 (BE) 2015-2016 (RE) 2016-2017 (BE) 1 Revenue Receipts 1101472 1141575 1206084 1377022 2 Tax Revenue (net to centre) 903615 919842 947508 1054101 3 Non-Tax Revenue 197857 221733 258576 322921 4 Capital Receipts (5+6+7)$ 562201 635902 579307 601038 5 Recoveries of Loans 13738 10753 18905 10634 6 Other Receipts 37737 69500 25312 56500 7 Borrowings and other liabilities * 510725 555649 535090 533904 8 Total Receipts (1+4)$ 1663673 1777477 1785391 1978060 9 Non-Plan Expenditure 1201029 1312200 1308194 1428050 10 On Revenue Account 1109394 1206027 1212669 1327408 of which, 11 Interest Payments 402444 456145 442620 492670 12 On Capital Account 91635 106173 95525 100642 13 Plan Expenditure 462644 465277 477197 550010 14 On Revenue Account 357597 330020 335004 403628 15 On Capital Account 105047 135257 142193 146382 16 Total Expenditure (9+13) 1663673 1777477 1785391 1978060 17 Revenue Expenditure (10+14) 1466992 1536047 1547673 1731037 18 Of Which, Grants for creation of Capital Assets 130760 132472 132004 166840 19 Capital Expenditure (12+15) 196681 241430 237718 247023 20 Revenue Deficit (17-1) 365519 394472 341589 354015 -2.9 -2.8 -2.5 -2.3 21 Effective Revenue Deficit (20-18)# 234759 268000 209585 187175 -1.9 -2 -1.5 -1.2 22 Fiscal Deficit {16-(1+5+6)} 510725 555649 535090 533904 -4.1 -3.9 -3.9 -3.5 23 Primary Deficit (22-11) 108281 99504 92469 41234 -0.9 -0.7 -0.7 -0.3

Tag: revenue and capital budget

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